Why do buildings on permafrost have potential structural issues?

a covalent bond is formed when atoms share one or more electrons.

explanation

a covalent bond is formed when one or more electron of atoms get shared. for the stability, atoms fill up their outer electron shell. these electron pairs are known as a shared pair. the chemical repulsion and attraction between the atoms are called a covalent bond. there are four types of covalent bonds which are,

polar bond.

nonpolar bond.

double bond.

triple bond.

recall the force applied to a spring and its extension/compression:

f = kδx

δx is the change in the spring's length (measured from its original length).

x = 0.7 m

x₀ = 0.4 m

δx = x-x₀ = 0.7 m - 0.4 m = 0.3 m

f = 23 n

substitute and solve for k:

23 = k×0.3